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Keywords

Chemical looping combustion, oxygen carrier, Eulerian–Eulerian, CFD simulation, combustion efficiency

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

```python text = """Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has evolved as a promising technique for carbon capture. In view of the above, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the existing 120 kWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) has been carried out. The fuel used in the existing reactor is CH4, and NiO supported by Al2O3 particles is employed as the oxygen carrier. Transient Two-dimensional CFD simulations have been conducted for the DCFB–CLC system. Eulerian –Eulerian method with heterogeneous reaction kinetics has been applied. The CFD simulation yielded results comparable to those obtained from the experimental data. The same approach was then applied to naturally occurring minerals in Pakistan, i.e., Fe\x02based Hematite and Mn-based Hausmannite, using the same reactor configurations. Fuel conversion and combustion efficiencies were evaluated. In the case of Fe-based ore, 15% unreacted methane was observed at the fuel reactor outlet, compared to only 1% methane for the Mn-based ore. However, the accuracy of Mn-based ore results is limited due to understudied kinetic studies of Mn ores. Mn-based oxygen carrier showed excellent reactivity, while Fe-based ore had lesser combustion efficiency as compared to Ni and Mn-based ores. Use of mixed iron–manganese oxide systems as oxygen carriers can be considered a viable option for optimising both conversion efficiency and process economics. Moreover, a CFD model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian framework, coupled with heterogeneous reaction kinetics, offers a viable and robust simulation approach for the design of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes.""" import re # Look for hidden characters for i, c in enumerate(text): if ord(c) < 32 and ord(c) not in (9, 10, 13): print(f"Control char at {i}: {ord(c)}") clean = text.replace('\x02', '-') clean_single_line = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', clean).strip() print("\nCleaned text:\n", clean_single_line) ``` ```text Control char at 706: 2 Cleaned text: Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has evolved as a promising technique for carbon capture. In view of the above, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the existing 120 kWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) has been carried out. The fuel used in the existing reactor is CH4, and NiO supported by Al2O3 particles is employed as the oxygen carrier. Transient Two-dimensional CFD simulations have been conducted for the DCFB–CLC system. Eulerian –Eulerian method with heterogeneous reaction kinetics has been applied. The CFD simulation yielded results comparable to those obtained from the experimental data. The same approach was then applied to naturally occurring minerals in Pakistan, i.e., Fe-based Hematite and Mn-based Hausmannite, using the same reactor configurations. Fuel conversion and combustion efficiencies were evaluated. In the case of Fe-based ore, 15% unreacted methane was observed at the fuel reactor outlet, compared to only 1% methane for the Mn-based ore. However, the accuracy of Mn-based ore results is limited due to understudied kinetic studies of Mn ores. Mn-based oxygen carrier showed excellent reactivity, while Fe-based ore had lesser combustion efficiency as compared to Ni and Mn-based ores. Use of mixed iron–manganese oxide systems as oxygen carriers can be considered a viable option for optimising both conversion efficiency and process economics. Moreover, a CFD model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian framework, coupled with heterogeneous reaction kinetics, offers a viable and robust simulation approach for the design of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes. ``` Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has evolved as a promising technique for carbon capture. In view of the above, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the existing 120 kWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) has been carried out. The fuel used in the existing reactor is CH4, and NiO supported by Al2O3 particles is employed as the oxygen carrier. Transient Two-dimensional CFD simulations have been conducted for the DCFB–CLC system. Eulerian –Eulerian method with heterogeneous reaction kinetics has been applied. The CFD simulation yielded results comparable to those obtained from the experimental data. The same approach was then applied to naturally occurring minerals in Pakistan, i.e., **Fe-based** Hematite and Mn-based Hausmannite, using the same reactor configurations. Fuel conversion and combustion efficiencies were evaluated. In the case of Fe-based ore, 15% unreacted methane was observed at the fuel reactor outlet, compared to only 1% methane for the Mn-based ore. However, the accuracy of Mn-based ore results is limited due to understudied kinetic studies of Mn ores. Mn-based oxygen carrier showed excellent reactivity, while Fe-based ore had lesser combustion efficiency as compared to Ni and Mn-based ores. Use of mixed iron–manganese oxide systems as oxygen carriers can be considered a viable option for optimising both conversion efficiency and process economics. Moreover, a CFD model based on the Eulerian–Eulerian framework, coupled with heterogeneous reaction kinetics, offers a viable and robust simulation approach for the design of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes.

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Publication Date

31-12-2025

First Page

68

Last Page

72

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