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Keywords

Epoxy resin, PDADMAC, gelation time, clay swelling, viscosity, rheology, sand production

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

Excessive sand production poses a persistent challenge to the integrity and productivity of oil and gas wells. Previous work demonstrated the effectiveness of an integrated chemical formulation in improving sand consolidation through optimised gelation time, compressive strength, and clay swelling control. The optimised integrated formulation consisted of an epoxy-to-hardener ratio of 2.5:1, 10 wt.% loading of a 3 wt.% aqueous poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) solution as the clay inhibitor, and 29.55 wt.% xylene. Thus, this study extends the investigation to the rheological behaviour of the optimised formulation, focusing on its injectability, flow properties, and gelation kinetics under reservoir-like conditions. Time-sweep analysis at 60°C revealed a gelation time of approximately 470 minutes, as determined by the G’–G” crossover, closely matching earlier gel-strength results (4.44% deviation). Viscosity measurements at 25°C, 60°C, and 100°C showed shear-thinning behaviour at lower temperatures and near-Newtonian flow at higher temperatures, with viscosity maintained below 30 cP across all conditions. Rheological modelling demonstrated that the Herschel-Bulkley model provided the best representation of flow behaviour (R² ≥ 0.999), indicating low yield stress and strong temperature sensitivity. These findings confirm the formulation’s favourable injectability, controllable gelation, and predictable flow characteristics, supporting its suitability for field deployment in sand consolidation applications.

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Publication Date

31-12-2025

First Page

1

Last Page

10

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