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Keywords

Reverse osmosis concentrate, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, resource recovery, wastewater treatment

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

Reverse osmosis (RO) has been increasingly implemented in wastewater treatment facilities due to its effectiveness in producing high-quality effluent suitable for reuse. Nevertheless, the process produces reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), which presents considerable environmental management challenges. Hence, ROC treatment is becoming a critical aspect of wastewater management due to its high salinity and complex mix of pollutants. Pressure-driven membrane technologies, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, offer high removal efficiency but face challenges such as scaling, fouling, and require chemical cleaning to maintain efficiency. Electrically driven processes like electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) provide alternative solutions with enhanced ion separation and fouling resistance, especially for brackish and moderately saline water, but require higher operational cost and are ineffective in removing neutral toxic components such as viruses and bacteria. Each method presents advantages and limitations regarding energy consumption, price, and applicability. This review aims to bridge current knowledge by comprehensively analysing these treatment technologies in the context of ROC management and resource recovery

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Publication Date

30-9-2025

First Page

1

Last Page

11

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