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Keywords

Road safety, cyclist overtaking, time-of-flight LiDAR, vehicle detection, stationary roadside evaluation, embedded sensing

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

Close overtaking is a safety concern for cyclists, particularly on roads without dedicated cycling infrastructure. This paper presents a stationary roadside proof-of-concept evaluation of a bicycle-mounted proximity-monitoring prototype using two TF-Luna light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors operating on a time-of-flight (ToF) principle, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, a local display, and secure digital (SD) card logging. One sensor faced laterally toward passing traffic, and the second faced rear-approaching traffic. Six one-hour roadside sessions were conducted at three locations on the Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus during the morning and evening. Manual observation recorded 533 passing vehicles, while the dual-sensor event logic detected 399, giving an overall count-based detection rate of 74.9% (95% Wilson confidence interval: 71.0-78.4%); session-level rates ranged from 63.5% to 91.8%. The large site-to-site variation, together with an observed sensor-mount shift at one location, shows that mounting stability and environmental robustness are major constraints. The archived field dataset does not contain independent ground-truth distances and therefore supports vehicle-detection assessment rather than distance-accuracy validation. As a secondary implementation result, the idle-mode and LCD-backlight strategy reduced estimated average power from 1.568 W to 1.498 W (4.4%) and increased calculated battery runtime from 10.43 h to 10.92 h. The results establish the prototype as a preliminary stationary sensing platform and define the controlled distance, coverage, event-separation, and moving-bicycle tests required before safety-related deployment.

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Publication Date

30-9-2026

First Page

37

Last Page

47

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